I haven't used any of my iDevices with Windows for a while now. Since my iPad is not compatible with iOS10, I just plugged my iPhone 5s (iOS10.0.1) into my Vista PC to see what happened.
The short answer is "Not much". The phone asked whether it could trust the computer, to which I answered "Yes". The computer downloaded drivers for the phone successfully.
Windows Explorer does not show the phone at all. Neither does Windows Photo Gallery (File/Import from scanner or camera used to be the import method, but apparently no more). iTunes eventually booted up and shows the phone, as expected.
I'm presently installing a whole heap of Windows updates. If these updates are helpful, and allow the phone to be used once again with Windows, I'll report back, but it does appear that iOS10 has broken the connection between iDevice and Windows.