You are probably looking for the SUMIF and/or the SUMIFS functions.
SUMIF adds all items in a column/row that match the condition in another column/row. For instance, if you matched Frog in the Species row of your second table you could sum just those cells in the Survey 1 column that are in the same row.
SUMIFS does the same thing, but lets you use multiple conditions. So if you had two columns, say one for species and one for development, you could sum only entries that match both Frog and Adult.
There are several other xxxIF and xxxIFS functions which might be handy, like counting, averages, etc. They are in the Statistical category.
When things get too complicated I sometimes create in-between tables or column, where I can generate values that can't be computed directly within the formula. For instance, when trying to match a condition you can not use a formula. It either has to be a simple condition like "> 0", or a cell. So if you need to match a computed variable, you pretty much have to create a formula in a cell, then match that cell in the IF expression.
I hope that made sense. Like you guessed, what exactly you are trying to do is a bit murky to me, so this general advice is all I can offer.
Good luck.